God Vs. Morality - 1113 Words

Kalee M. Ewald Professor Mark Kelley PHIL101 18 October 2015 God vs. Morality While going over the topic I chose, other questions came to mind like: does God exist? What exactly is murder? What does Moral mean? Can morality be based on other standard than the belief in God? With that, can individuals with conflicting religious beliefs resolve a dispute over what morality is? In my assessment I will argue that morality has no specific meaning other than that it is the cultural standard or custom as applied to individual behavior over time. These new questions develop a new route of understanding by first examining into what a moral is. â€Å"A moral is defined as a societal code of conduct based on religious, familial, or societal standards applied to individual behavior, over the course of time† (Bernard). In this definition, the existence of God is not anticipated, nor is it required, to answer the question. In our world there are cultures of people that have developed very different moral standards. In the United States, for example, morality tends to be grounded on a religious dais and applied to all people in the form of Laws. In the U.S. it is illegal to â€Å"murder† someone though as yet I have not demarcated the term; therefore, by default it is immoral. If one were to go more Eastern, it might be learned that what we as a society find offensive, is perfectly in-line with their culture and societies and for that reason, not immoral. So morality really has no detailed meaningShow MoreRelatedIf God Eoes Not Exist, Everything Is Permitted Essay1289 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"If God does not exist, everything is permitted.† by Fyodor Dostoyevsky is a popular phrase used by theists, theologians and conservatives when questioned about the connection between faith in God and morality. In other words it is claimed that without the belief in a supreme supernatural figure who maintains law and order in the whole of cosmos, a man cannot regulate himself as a socially and morally acceptable individual. This in fact presents a major logical fallacy since it is based on a beliefRead MoreMorality And Religion : Morality985 Words   |  4 PagesMorality and Religion: a Response to Does Morality Need Religion (Prompt 1) Some people believe our life is based off of morals, a belief of right/justification or wrong/ unjust. Living this way perceives their ways of the world by doing what they feel is good or bad or what is lead by their conscience regardless of religion. Others believe in religion, a feeling or act of faith, from God or â€Å"gods† ( Merriam-Webster). These acts motivated by faith and God/ â€Å"gods† provide a comprehension betweenRead MoreChild Development Theories1324 Words   |  6 Pagesstrength) develops. The eight stages include: Basic trust vs. mistrust (birth to 12-18 months); baby develops sense of whether the world is a good and safe; the virtue is hope Autonomy vs. shame (12-18 months- 3 years); child develops balance of independence and self-efficiency over shame and doubt with virtue of will Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years), child develops initiative without guilt with the virtue being purpose Industry vs. inferiority (6 years to puberty),child must learn skillsRead MoreNatural Law Enforces Human Rights907 Words   |  4 Pageslegal theory of natural law the law that comes from God s nature and inherent right and wrong as He defines it furthermore a legal system based on legal positivism (law is derived from whatever man says is law - no inherent right and wrong). Prior to the turn of the 20th century, legal philosophy from whence laws were derived in the Western world was based upon a natural law theory. A belief that there was an inherent right and wrong based on God s principles. In the late 1800 s early 1900 sRead MoreSources Of Morality And Morality1424 Words   |  6 PagesScott Wothke Dr. Bernstein PHIL 290 02/12/2016 Source of Morality Imagine a world filled with chaos, brutality, death, and fear, a world where no laws govern the people, and the people feel no sense of right or wrong, a hellish world in which morality is a things of nonexistence. A world that to our knowledge never existed, so that begs the questions where did morality come from, and what exactly is it? A simple definition would state, the principles concerning the distinction between right andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Batman And The Dark Knight Rises Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesThere are five types of conflict that a character can experience: Person vs. Person, Person vs. Society, Person vs. God/Fate/ Destiny, Person vs. Self, and Person vs. Nature or Technology. Person vs. Person is conflict in which one character will oppose or be opposed by another character and an example of this is Creed where Adonis Creed fights Ricky Conlan so that Adonis can be the heavyweight champion. Person vs. Society is conflict in which a character and the society that he/she lives in areRead MoreDoes Religion Imply Morality?1321 Words   |  6 PagesDoes religion imply morality? Not exactly, according to research. Contrary to popular belief, non-religious persons are not evil and do have morals. In fact research shows that people associated with no religion may be more moral than those who are religious. Furthermore, the irreligious do good deeds for the sake of being a good person, while religious people tend to do it for recognition or because someone or something tells them to. The origin, the truth, and the perpetuation of this stereotypeRead MoreEthics, Unnatural Laws, By Arthur A. Leff1161 Words   |  5 Pagesapproach when determining what morality should be comprised of. He suggested that humans struggle with desiring to follow a predetermined and unchallengeable set of moral rules, while at the same time wanting the autonomy to create those rules. If ethical rules are preordained, they would need to come from a supernatural being that was unruled, unjudged, and beyond question: God. If God exists, we are created to fit into His system and should therefore abide by His rules. God dictates the laws of theRead MoreA Case For Integration And The Existence Of God1152 Words   |  5 Pageswill attempt to discuss at length the importance of depravity as contrasted with the existence of God and in context of psychology, the importance of moral authority provided by God’s existence in relation to psychology, and finally an introduction to the benefits psychology affords to the efforts of theology to restore fellowship between mankind and God and vice-versa. Human ownership of morality limits the number of options psychology can advocate. In personal crisis situations the patient couldRead MoreA Decent Job At Separating Religion From Morality1405 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough some may say religion relates to morals, apparently the philosophers we have covered thus far do not believe such a thing. For religious people, morality may be pushed by religion in their regards to the fear of the consequences god will bring if one disobeys his laws. Although this can be related to consequentialism, it is not the same kind of consequentialism Mills and Bentham use. Morals can be dependent of an individual’s preferences depending on the individual’s motives behind their

Martin Luther King Essay Free Essays

Speeches in which this is observed include â€Å"I Have A Dream† by Martin Luther King and â€Å"The Gettysburg Address† by Abraham Lincoln which have been valued and remembered throughout time as being historically influential and valued, as such, as they use the values of their time and audience to inspire, persuade and unite the public with their message. Martin Luther King electrified America with his pivotal speech, dramatically delivered from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC in 1963, sharing his dream of a new future for black and white people before more than 200,000 people. King, part of an extensive black movement, challenged the white Americans to extend genuine freedom to his people and drew on all his powers to inspire black Americans to believe in such freedom for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther King Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The key message from the speech was, and is, that all people are created equal and, although not the case in America at the time, King felt it must be the case in the future which is why this text is valued still, even today. Abraham Lincoln, the American president at the time delivered his speech at the Gettysburg Cemetery during the heart of the civil war in 1863. This was to honour and dedicate the new cemetery to the soldiers who had died in the recent Battle of Gettysburg which was pivotal in the American Civil War. The quality of patriotism is seen in Lincoln’s allusion to the Declaration of Independence and constant references to democratic ideals. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Martin Luther Kings’ â€Å"I have a dream†¦. † speech is one of the most memorable speech’s of all time but why? In thi s essay we’ll have a look at why it’s such an effective speech. In the speech, King especially likes to use repetition and metaphors to convey his ideas. These devices are the foundation of King’s unique and effective style. Anaphora and repetition are commonly used in Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream†¦. † speech because repeating the words and phrases helps to emphasise the pattern and increase the rhetorical effect. â€Å"I have a dream†¦ † is repeated in eight successive sentences, and is one of the most often cited examples of anaphora in modern speeches. Repetition is a good device to use to strengthen an important idea. He uses and repeats the words dream, because it is such a personal and deep commodity. The phrases he adds to the end of this representation are also very personal. This is so effectual because the target audience of this speech can see these visualizations become reality. Even now, over 30 years after his death, reading through the speech gives the reader a sense that things are not complete, and that King still has a dream. If you count the frequency of words used in King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream†, very interesting patterns emerge. The most commonly used noun is freedom, which is used twenty times in the speech. This makes sense, since freedom is one of the primary themes of the speech. A metaphor is a very effective way to illustrate an idea. King uses many metaphors, both large and small, to describe many different ideas. â€Å"In a sense we have come to our nation’s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious†¦ How to cite Martin Luther King Essay, Essay examples

Credit Quality Analysis

Questions: 1. Discuss the relevance and framework of credit quality analysis for a target company? 2. Discuss the best practice financial parameters for evaluating a company credit quality and overall financial risk profile? 3. Discuss the financial credit ratios and formulae used in assessing credit quality? 4. Estimate the various financial credit ratios for Pidilite using publicly available audited financial statements? 5. Based on a trend analysis of financial credit ratios, assess Pidilite financial health and overall credit quality? Answers: Introduction In the present case study credit ratings and quality assessment has been discussed while taking Pidilite industries as a target company for the evaluation. As in particular this industry which was incorporated in late 1950s deals in two fundamental regions of operation that is ultimate consumer segment and commercial segment. This assignment relates with direction of the credit analyses survey of Pidilite industries. Credit quality analysis ratings is survey or assessment evaluating the acknowledge chance related for a specific resource. These credit portfolio for the most part require debt costs installments -, for example, debt funds and venture capital structure. How powerful administration of Pidilite industries is in controlling and checking credit hazard is discussed in below mentioned assignment. 1. Credit quality analysis of Pidilite Industries As per Hau, et. Al., (2013) a credit quality analysis is an important tool in the current scenario that has been used by many investors, lenders and other stakeholders and shareholders of the company to assess the current position and performance of the company with assessing the effectiveness of the internal controls of the company that has been put in place by the management. Through the help of credit analysis, one can test the credit worthiness of business and the organization. The credit analyst tests the company and its management of Pidilite industries discussed various parameters and determines whether the company is financially sound enough to meet out all its business obligations or not. The credit analysts assesses the confidence level of the management and the company for the current as well as for the coming business financial obligations and based on the same the credit rating has been assigned to the company. The credit history and the ability of the management is also been assessed by the analyst. In the given case, the Pidilite Industries has been recommended by the equity analysts as a long term investment opportunity. In this case, it becomes important to check the financial health of the company considering all the parameters including liquidity, efficiency, profitability etc. Through the help of the above analysis one can easily determine the ability of the company to meet out its short term and long term obligations and maintain the level of solvency. This quality analysis has been done to protect the interest of the stakeholders and the investors of the company. There have been multiple instances where the interest of the stakeholders and the investors of the company have been compromised by showing fake financial position and performance to them. In this scenario, the role of the credit rating agencies increases where they test multiple companies on same parameters and give them different ratings which they think is reasonable based on the test results. 2. Financial parameters to evaluate credit quality and risk There are various financial parameters that have been used by the financial analysts to test the credit worthiness of the companies. It includes capital structure, interest coverage ratio, debt service coverage, net worth, profitability, return on capital employed, net cash accruals to total debt ratio, current ratio etc. The analyst considers the current as well as the future risk profile of the company to determine the credit rating of the company. Capital Structure: The capital structure of the company is judged through debt to equity ratio, leverage ratio etc. These test the proportion of borrowed funds in the capital mix of the company. This shows the dependence of the company on the borrowed funds as the company will have to bear some additional cost in meeting out the funding needs. The capital structure of the company depicts the strategy adopted by the management. In case of weak businesses, a company with high gearing will impact the profitability and the ability of the company to repay the debt amount (ICRA, 2016). Interest coverage ratio - The tool of interest coverage ratio is a financial barometer that measures an organization's capacity to make debt installments along with interest portion in a convenient way. Loan providers and speculators utilize this calculation to comprehend the productivity and danger of an organization. For example financial investors need to utilize this tool just to measure that the organization can pay its due debts on time without sacrificing its routine operational costs and dividends. A debt provider, then again, utilizes this tool with a scope while distinguishing whether an organization can handle extra debt. banks as a debt lender utilize this technique to figure the hazard that will result in loaning. Return on capital employed (ROCE) - ROCE shows the profits produced by an organization over the aggregate capital utilized in the organisation. The proportion thoroughly demonstrates how effectively an organization is controlled managed by its administrators, and more often not affected by the degree of its debt in organisation. This tool of measuring profitability helps to measure long haul productivity proportion since it indicates how successfully resources are giving results while thinking about long haul debt structure. A lower ROCE mirrors the organization's negative showcase over the long haul. An inclining ROCE would suggest proficient utilization of the funds utilized in the organisation, though a declining ROCE would demonstrate wasteful utilization of the funds utilized by the firm. Regardless, the ROCE of organization must be higher than its debt and other operation cost; else it demonstrates that the organization is worsening investors esteem. 3. Financial credit ratios to assess credit quality Evaluating and critical analysis of financial performance using tools of financial ratio is utilized to assess different parts of an organization's working and money related execution, for example, its productivity, liquidity and its returns on investments. Common spaces that are calculated into a FICO score are industry hazard, govt. strategy, working efficiency, monetary hazard and administration assessment. Tools of ratio evaluation are typically analyzed and compared over organizations in similar sectors, since a satisfactory proportion in one organisation might be viewed as comparably high in different industry firm. For instance, organizations in areas, for example, dealing in consumable goods regularly have a high obligation value proportion, on the other hand a comparable proportion for an innovation organization might be viewed as comparably high. As per Oshoke Sumaina, (2015) proportion examination can give an early cautioning of an impact full change or disintegration in an organization's monetary circumstance or execution. Financial analyst participates in broad calculating of the money related information in an organization's budgetary statements, regarding defining such insights. The various ratios which will result in evaluation of credit ratings of an enterprise are as follows- Ratio Description Formulae 1 Current ratio It helps to analyze short term liquidity position of the business. Accordingly it shows the repayment capacity of the business for the short term liabilities. It helps the financial lending firm to make a decision regarding granting the needs to businesses to fulfill their working capital needs. This tool is a liquidity proportion that evaluates an organization's capacity to pay liquid and long haul commitments. Current resources like money, money counterparts, and attractive securities can without much of a stretch be changed over into trade out the short term (EXCHANGE, 2014). Current assets / Current liabilities 2 Return on capital employed ROCE is a bookkeeping proportion utilized as a part of back, valuation, and bookkeeping. It is a helpful tool for looking at the proportionate benefit of organizations in the wake of considering the measure of utilized investments (Alrafadi Md-Yusuf, 2011). Profit before interest and tax / long term debt and capital employed 3 Interest coverage ratio The ICR or interest coverage ratio is an obligation proportion and benefit proportion helps in deciding how effortlessly an organization can deliver debt cost on pending obligation. ICR might be figured by partitioning an organization's profit before debt cost and taxation amount (EBIT). It decides how effectively an organization can pay debt costs on external liability. The more declining ICR, more beneficial the organization's obligation trouble and the more prominent the 4likelihood of liquidation profit before interest tax and depreciation / Interest and other finance administrative costs 4 Debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) DSCR is the proportion of money accessible for obligation adjusting to debt interest cost, capital loan cost and rent installments. It is a prominent standard utilized as a part of the estimation of an organizations capacity to create enough money to cover its obligation installments. The more this proportion is, the less demanding it is to acquire an advance. Profit before interest tax and depreciation / interest and administrative charges 5 Profit margin ratio It helps in analyzing the profit earned over the net revenue of the organisaation. Profit is taken after deduction of taxation. Profit after tax / net revenue * 100 6 Capital gearing ratio Capital gearing proportion is how much an organization obtains resources or to which it subsidizes its progressing operations with long term and short term obligation. Capital adapting will vary amongst organizations and ventures, and will frequently change after some time. Investigating capital portfolio implies degree of proportion of finance provided by equity share holders and the finance provided by the individuals who get an interest or profit at a settled rate. Variable income bearing securities / fixed income bearing funds 4. Financial credit ratios of Pidilite industries Ratio Analysis of Pidilite 2015 2014 Balance Sheet Cash 860 1,772 Accounts receivable, net 5,861 5,224 Total current assets 16,707 16,416 Total long-term assets 16,370 12,806 Total current liabilities 9,580 8,859 Total long-term liabilities 810 857 Total shareholders' equity 22,706 19,526 Income Statement Total sales 51,329 45,345 Total operating expenses 40,734 36,117 Income (loss) before taxes 6,779 6,123 Net income (loss) 5,085 4,471 Ratio calculations Profitability Ratios Return on equity 22% 23% Return on assets 15% 15% Net profit margin 10% 10% Leverage and Liquidity Ratios Current ratio 1.74 1.85 Quick or acid test ratio 1.13 1.26 Leverage ratio 46% 50% Long-term debt ratio 0.034 0.042 Debt to equity ratio 0.036 0.044 5. Trend analysis on the basis of above ratios While observing the financial ratios of the organisaation, Pidilite industries it has been analyzed that there no big change in the profitability of the business. Net profit margin has been same as of previous year data. However company is not witnessing in decline in performance but stakeholders demand for a constant growth. Growth is a vital element for long term sustainability of an enterprise. Apart from that there has been decline showcased while observing the return on equity investments. While checking the credibility of business from the external stakeholders point of view short term liquidity position has witnessed a negative view. Short term debt holders business credibility has been declined. From 1.85:1 in the year 2014 has been declined to 1.74:1. Accordingly debt position of business shows that incline in obligation proportion more often showcase a more steady business with the capability of life span in light of the fact that an organization with lower proportion. Ever y organisation has its own standards for obligation, yet .5 is sensible proportion. In the present case structure it is lower than the standard benchmarks of 0.5 %. An obligation with less proportion of .5 is frequently thought to be less dangerous. This implies the organization has twice the same number of benefits as liabilities. From the above calculation there has been growth in debt equity ratio witnessed. An incline in debt - equity proportion demonstrates that an organization has been forceful in sourcing its investment proposal with external obligation, there might be a more prominent potential for money related trouble if profit don't surpass the cost of obtained loans. Conclusion In the above mentioned assignment financial analyst participates in broad calculating of the money related information in an organization's budgetary statements, regarding defining such insights of Pidilite industries. There are various tools that have been used by the analysts including ratio analysis, trend analysis, projections and a detailed analysis of cash flows. Various financial ratios were discussed as per the credit ratings. FICO score was taken into account which consists of various financial ratios and performance barometer practices which are adopted by the banks and other financial lending intuitions to measure the credit ratings of an organisation. References Alrafadi, K.M. and Md-Yusuf, M., 2011. Comparison between Financial Ratios Analysis and Balanced Scorecard.American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, available at - https://thescipub.com/PDF/ajebasp.2011.618.622.pdf EXCHANGE, I.S.,2014, THE INFLUENCE OF PROFITABILITY AND LIQUIDITY RATIOS ON THE GROWTH OF PROFIT OF MANUFACTURING COMPANIES Available at - https://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/21215.pdf Hau, H., Langfield, S. and Marques-Ibanez, D., 2013. Bank ratings: what determines their quality?.Economic Policy, 28(74) ICRA, 2016, ICRAs Credit Rating Methodology for Non-Banking Finance Companies Available at - https://icra.in/Files/Articles/NBFC%20Methodolgy.pdfOshoke, A.S. and Sumaina, J., 2015. Performance Evaluation through Ratio Analysis.Journal of Accounting and Finance Management Available at - https://www.iiardpub.org/get/JAFM/VOL%201/PERFORMANCE%20EVALUATION.pdf

Online Assignment Submission Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Why are societal media sites so of import to e-marketers? What are the challenges and chances confronting sellers that want to utilize societal media as portion of their scheme? † The usage of societal media has exploded in the last several old ages. so much so that it now touches about every aspect of our lives. Friendster. the first societal media site was launched in 2003. Myspace. Facebook. LinkedIn and Twitter shortly followed. Facebook. the most popular of the societal media sites. presently has over 500 million users. It is the 2nd most popular web site behind Google. There are a batch of grounds as to why a certain company needs societal media selling and it will depend on different factors like company profile. the merchandises and the clients that it is providing to. As the yearss travel by. there is besides an addition when it comes to the importance of societal media selling that is really effectual for most companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Assignment Submission Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore. societal media sites have become so of import for e-marketers to make their societal media marketing efficaciously. Below are some of the major importance of societal media for e-marketers and the company they are publicizing for. 1. Social media channel is a good manner of increasing a company’s trustiness and good will which will decidedly give the company a better stigmatization. When companies are able to hold conversations with their clients. the consequence is traveling to be a great sum of credibleness. 2. The lead coevals is besides another footing for companies to travel for societal media selling. The on-line lead coevals is an Internet selling term that refers to the coevals of prospective consumer involvement or enquiry into a business’ merchandises or services through the Internet. Lead can be generated for a assortment of purposes- list edifice. e-newsletter list acquisition. constructing out wages plans. trueness plans or for other member acquisition plans. A lead normally is the contact information and in some instances. demographic information of a client who is interested in a specific merchandise or service. Since the lead coevals serves a really of import portion for a company’s success. utilizing societal media marketing for company runs help the e-marketer to make out to the targeted lead coevals. 3. Social media channels besides make it easier and more flexible for companies to prosecute with its clients. This might be on the top precedence list of the e-marketers since client battle is a really important process since this will assist the company retain the bing clients and besides increase the trade name credibleness. 4. Social media channels are besides responsible for bring forthing a extremely powerful traffic for the company’s site. E-marketers don’t have to worry since there’s a batch of societal media channels that will be able to do it easier for the e-marketer to obtain the relevant and quality traffic that it will necessitate. 5. The industry is considered to hold a anchor if the companies have entire entree to customer’s feedback. This is because the feedback really helps in bettering the merchandises based on what the customer’s require. Due to the fact that societal media channels assistance in doing client battle possible. so client feedback will ever be available for the company to utilize as footing for betterment. With this. the e-marketer can ever anticipate client reappraisals and feedback that can assist the company in doing the merchandises and services even better. 6. There is no better manner or an even cheaper manner than a societal media channel when it comes to denoting new merchandises or services of the company. It is a really cheap manner of advertisement because it reaches a huge audience for a fringy investing. Alternatively of passing big sums of money on selling and advertisement runs. allow the clients advertise for the company. Many consumers are no longer traveling straight to the beginning for merchandise information ; they trust their equals to reasonably reexamine merchandises for them. Therefore it is a good thought to promote your clients or clients to check-in at your concern. or direct them to reexamine your merchandise online. This method ensures that you reach a huge audience via societal webs. Social media will do it easier for the e-marketers to distribute the intelligence sing a new merchandise or service. Information such as reaching or release day of the months can be doing known to the populace in an easier method. 7. Another importance of societal media selling is the fact that it will let the e-marketer to detect the customers’ penchants so that the company will be able to move based on what they want. By cognizing their penchants. it will be much easier for the e-marketer to heighten all the company’s merchandises and program the selling runs more efficaciously. All these factors stated above can be seen as the chances to e-marketers in utilizing societal media as portion of their scheme. On the other manus. there are besides challenges that an e-marketer can confront in utilizing societal media selling. Some of the common obstructions and barriers to societal media acceptance that could be focused on are: 1. Flying blind Many companies chase societal media tactics with no thought about the â€Å"who† . â€Å"what† . † when† and â€Å"where† of the societal web. It’s indispensable that companies foremost develop a listening plan to reply those inquiries. Listening through societal media monitoring is critical to understanding trade name. rivals and cardinal footings relevant to the audience on the societal web. Without a smart hearing attempt. companies missed cardinal chances such as selling. client service. gross revenues. recruiting. partnering and public dealingss. 2. Unsure where it fits – who owns societal media? As companies develop their societal media plans. duties and resources need to be allocated and that leads to answerability and ownership. For successful societal media acceptance within organisations. it’s of import to set up societal media ends and duties in different parts of the organisation. As resources and answerability are identified. the different sections can work to traverse pollinate attempts. and work together as a squad. By making so. it helps the company purchase combined attempts and avoids conflicting representation of the trade name. 3. Inconsistent engagement Companies need to be consistent with their societal engagement. The solution to a more consistent engagement is to take from the top. acquire executive buy-in. Establish ends and supply a feedback cringle to subscribers. As they grow. the community will supply feedback. 4. Not single or confident It is of import for an e-marketer to believe that people will listen to and happen value in what the message is stating requires assurance and lucidity. Whether the e-marketer is right or incorrect might non count every bit much as being passionate. Therefore when utilizing societal media sites as portion of their selling scheme. e-marketers may confront the challenges of demoing leading and strong belief when it comes to societal engagement and battle. 5. Digitally unsavvy squad Modern sellers need to understand societal media. Companies don’t â€Å"do social† . they â€Å"are social† . That means being savvy participants. Harmonizing to â€Å"Social Technographics of Business Buyers† from Forrester Research: * 91 % of concern purchasers read web logs. watching user generated picture. take part in other societal media * 55 % of decision-makers were in societal webs * 43 % are making media ( web logs. uploading picture or articles. etc. ) Josh Bernoff. Forrester stated that â€Å"If you’re a B2B seller and you’re non utilizing societal engineerings in your selling. it means you’re tardily. 6. Lack of personalization It is of import to utilize existent squad members in societal media attempts. Using some faceless individual behind the trade name is non the effectual manner to hammer relationships with others. Companies can win on the societal web by developing a scheme. experiment and iterate. In a nutshell. the challenges confronting sellers who want to utilize societal media sites as portion of their scheme are the turning diverseness of tools and niches. decentralized audience and more attempt is needed to make the same audience. Besides. there is a possible lessening in control of image and increase in sum of content which is the hazard of content overload. It is of import that an e-marketer have clear cognition on how to interpret real-world relationship norms into online norms when prosecuting in societal media selling. Mentions:* hypertext transfer protocol: //forrester. typepad. com/groundswell/2009/02/new-research-b2. html New research: B2B purchasers have really high societal engagement Josh Bernoff. February 23. 2009 * hypertext transfer protocol: //www. emarketer. com/Article/Social-Marketers-Dive-Mobile/1009591 Social Marketers dive into Mobile. January 9. 2003 * Strauss. J. and R. Frost ( 2009 ) E-marketing. 5th edition ( Pearson International Edition ) . Upper Saddle River. New jersey * Berthon. P. . L. Pitt and C. Campbell ( 2008 ) â€Å"Ad Lib: When Customers Create the Ad† California Management Review 50 ( 4 ) : 5-30 * Andreas M. Kaplan. Michael Haenlein ( 2010 ) â€Å"Users of the universe. unite! The challenges and chances of Social Media† Business Horizons. Volume 53. Issue 1. 59-68

Glengarry and good faith essay

Glengarry and good faith essay Glengarry and good faith essay Glengarry and good faith essayThe problem of the negative impact of the pursuit of wealth on the morality of people and society is still relevant because the pursuit of wealth is still one of the primary concerns of the contemporary culture. However, such purposes may ruin life of people since such goals as wealth and prosperity are not always achievable for them. At this point, it is possible to refer to the film Glengarry Glen Ross and the novel Good Faith, which reveal the full extent to which the desire of their main characters to retain their positions and improve their financial position turned out to be destructive for their life. In such a context, the film and the novel show that even good intentions may lead characters the wrong way, when stakes grow too high and they can or are forced to commit crimes and deceive their business partners.Good Faith raises the problem of the failure of the intrinsically good character to succeed because of the deception and scheming of his b usiness partner. Joe is a good person and he does his best to survive in his business but the partnership with Marcus turns out to be the total failure as Marcus actually steals the money and puts Joe’s business on the edge of survival. Such a situation is apparently unfair in relation to Joe, who works hard and does his best. Similarly, Gordon also relies heavily on their business partnership but together with Joe, they turn out to be unsuitable for business because they do not deceive their business partners as Marcus does.In such a way, the author of the book does not just show the personal tragedy of the main character but also raises the problem of the failure of a good person to succeed in business as if the author wants to show that business is often immoral and people driven by ethical rules and norms cannot survive in it. Jane Smiley wants to uncover the true face of business and existing socioeconomic order, where there is no room for ethical decisions and rules. In stead money rules the world and business is driven by the only purpose of gaining more profits. In fact, the main rule of the business is the ends justify means which is obvious from actions of Marcus. He is the character, who disrespects any moral norms and values but is fully devoted to the idea of becoming a wealthy person.The main character of the book is not able to deceive and seems to be a bit simplistic in his views on business and business partners. The book shows that such people cannot survive in business because, in their attempts to gain wealth, they are likely to fail, while the pursuit of wealth turns out to be destructive for moral values of individuals, as is the case of Marcus, who deceives his business partners without any regrets or remorse.Jane Smiley shows that there is no room for moral people, who have learned basic moral norms once and try following them throughout their life, even when they are in business pursuing wealth and prosperity. Joe’s motto is â€Å"selling old houses to decent people† (Smiley, 48), but in actuality, his business is not as simple as that. On the contrary, he has to sell above all to make money and to succeed in his business, in such a way. There is no room for moral choices.In such a context, Joe may be viewed as the protagonist of the novel, whereas Marcus is the antagonist of the novel. At any rate, he is absolutely different character compared to Joe. Marcus is a true savvy of business. He knows how to make money fast and he actually earns money from everything that is his motto which apparently contrasts the motto of Joe, which is definitely moral by its nature. However, Marcus has those qualities, which are essential for the successful business and crucial for success, when a person pursues wealth as his/her ultimate goal. In contrast to Joe, Marcus does not have any moral values that could restrict his actions in relation to other people and his business partners. Business is not his ultim ate goal because he could run a successful business together with Joe and Gordon, but he preferred to take the money and get away.Business is just the efficient tool for earning money for Marcus and he makes earning money and becoming wealthy the only purpose and sense of his life. In such a way, Jane Smiley uncovers the full extent to which business and wealth are dehumanizing people. Good-natured people like Joe fail, while greedy and profit-driven ones, like Marcus, succeed and this is the main dilemma of the book that shows the persisting social injustice and the major drawback of the existing socioeconomic system uncovered by the author.The same idea may be clearly traced in the film Glengarry Glen Ross. However, in contrast to the book Good Faith, the film does not really show characters that are really good. On the contrary, all of them are businessmen, who are profit-driven and look for better options for their career development to become wealthy and prosperous at all costs . Even though they have different motives, for instance, Levene needs money to help his seriously ill daughter, while others, like Ricky Roma are just pursuing wealth.The main characters of the film work in the real estate company selling houses like did Joe and Gordon in Good Faith. However, there is no such a good character as Joe in the film. On the contrary all of them can and do receive customers to sell them houses. In such a way, from the beginning, the film shows clearly that there is no room for morality in the real estate business as well as in business at large.Moreover, the main characters of the film start looking like a pack of wolves ready to kill each other any moment just to stay in business and keep working in the company. This transformation becomes obvious, when the company sends Blake to optimize the performance of the team that means that two of four salesmen have to be fired. In such a way, the film uncovers the competitive nature of business, where people are mere puppets in hands of owners of the company. For instance, owners of the company do not care about Levene, who needs money badly to treat his daughter. Instead, they just look for options to save costs and optimize the team performance.Blake is the personification of business pragmatism and dehumanization. He does not care about people and he has no interest in their fate. He is just doing his job to receive promised rewards from owners of the company. This is why he decides to cut two positions in the company as the matter of fact. He does not care what will happen to those two salesmen that will lose the job. He does not care about people at all. What he does care is his own profit and the profit of the company.In such a way, the film conveys the similar message to the audience as does the book Good Faith, the film shows the dehumanizing nature of business and pursuit of wealth. People fail to respect basic moral norms, when they pursue wealth.At the same time, the pursuit of wealth and the strife for money often pushes people to criminal acts, as was the case of Marcus in Jane Smiley’s book and as was the case of Levene and Moss. Their plan to set fire in the office of the company and steel shares is apparently driven by their intention to gain more money and become prosperous. Just like the case of Marcus, they do not think of consequences of their criminal actions. They do not care about the company which they can ruin by such crime. What they do care is their personal well-being, wealth and success.Glengarry and good faith essay part 2

Bharti Airtel Mobile Services Marketing Essay

Bharti Airtel Mobile Services Marketing Essay Airtel is the 3rd largest mobile operator in the world in terms of subscriber base. However, its revenue per subscriber is significantly lower as compared to American and European counterparts. However, Airtel has been facing pressures due to slowing revenue growth and slimming margins. While a lot of the factors are macroeconomic, this paper attempts to do a microeconomic analysis on Airtel and its environment. An Analysis of Bharti Airtel Mobile Services Ltd. Using Microeconomic Tools Bharti Airtel Limited, a part of Bharti Enterprises, is one of the leading providers of telecommunication services with significant presence in India. It has its operations spread over 20 countries across South Asia, Africa and Channel Islands. Profile Bharti Airtel has abou0074 194.183 million subscribers in India and South Asia and 55.855 million GSM Mobile customers in Africa as of the end of June 2012. The Proportionate Revenue of Bharti Airtel as on June 30, 2012 is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¹ 193,501 milli on (Overview). Currently, Airtel is the largest cellular service provider in India in terms of number of subscribers. Bharti Airtel holds the maximum percentage of market share in wireless connections at 20.67%, Vodafone is at 16.96%, Reliance at 14.68%, Idea at 12.88% and BSNL is at 10.81% (News report – Medianama) The businesses at Bharti Airtel have been structured into three individual strategic business units (SBU’s): Mobile services, Telemedia services (ATS) & Enterprise services (Carriers & Services to Corporates) Ownership and Organizational Structure: Bharti Airtel was established on July 7, 1995 as a public listed company headquartered in New Delhi, India. With effect from Jan 13, 2010, a new integrated organizational structure has emerged with an objective to enhance Airtel focus on expanding operations in international markets beyond India and South Asia and further consolidate its leadership position in India. The transformed organizational structure consi sts of two distinct Customer Business Units (CBU) with clear focus on B2C (Business to Customer) and B2B (Business to Business) segments. Bharti Airtel’s B2C business unit comprehensively serves the retail consumers, homes and small offices, by combining business units such as Mobile, Telemedia, Digital TV and other emerging businesses (like M-commerce, M-health, M-advertising etc.). Figure 1: Airtel’s Organization Chart (Overview) The B2C organization encompasses Consumer Business and Market Operations. Bharti Airtel has understood the importance of its partners to remain competitive in a dynamic business environment. As a step in that direction, the Supply Chain (SCM) function has been created with a mandate to develop partner relationships to maximize mutual opportunities for growth and profitability. The SCM organization has a central core team of supply chain subject matter experts and execution teams operating under different business divisions across the country . Business Model Focus on core competencies and outsource the rest Airtel is probably one of the best run companies in India. It has advantages of both having a massive size and being in a very high growth industry. The secret of its enormous success owes a lot to its business model. Airtel focuses solely on two things: Customer acquisition & Servicing and business development/Expansion. The main focus of Airtel has been on Data IP solutions, conferencing and Video solutions and wants to grab the potential of market of these business sectors. The other functions such as hardware, network, backend applications (billing etc.), value added services and even telecom infrastructure are all outsourced. Airtel was the first player in India in pioneering such a business model. Airtel has outsourced its Network Management services to players like Nokia Siemens Networks and Ericsson, while its backend application is taken care by IBM. It was also the first to divest its hard assets, i.e. â₠¬â€œ its telecom towers – to a separate company and lease them back themselves as well as monetize surplus bandwidth by selling to other operators.

Psychology - Community service Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychology - Community service - Research Paper Example After a lengthy interview with the agency’s Deputy Director, I found out just how much of a toll order it is to keep these agencies running. They face numerous day to day challenges. It takes nerves of steel to keep these agencies ablaze. The Ray of Hope Agency takes care of the entire Village. It serves a population of about 4500 people. It has majorly employed people from the local area. There are however experts employed from all around the country who take care of the more sophisticated aspects. The agency has employed people from all walks of life, ranging from cleaners to cooks to mentors to psychologists and managers. Applicant employees are thoroughly vetted before being employed. Being a church based agency, Ray of Hope insists that its employees be God fearing. Employment is purely based on merit and dedication to Christianity. The agency has local agents who identify the Middle School Students who are most inclined towards dropping out of school and those who have recently dropped out and have not been subjected to the rigorous process of the agency. Once identified, the students are approached by a set of qualified psychologists who talk them into participating in the agency’s process. The students are then officially enrolled into the agency. A team of staff members is set out to investigate each student’s background and approach his or her parents or guardians. The team comes up with a report that explains the possible reasons for the students apparent drop out from school or inclination towards it. The students are then each counseled appropriately by experts. They are made to watch movies that touch on real life scenarios and the importance of education. The values of education are thoroughly highlighted and brainwashed into the student’s minds. They are kept free from demeaning peer pressure and bad habits like drug abuse and sexual encounters. They are convinced to enroll back in school. Working with their

Political Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Political Behavior - Essay Example Several evidences have suggested that modern generation is may be seeing the arrival of a period of augmented involvement by young individuals, along with citizens more commonly, within a political society (Owen, 2008). According to the observation, it has been revealed that the agents of political socialization play a crucial role in a political system in order to change the traditional trend of political socialization. Over the years, it has been ascertained that family, school, teachers and communication media among others have been highly engaged with political socialization as an intermediary (Danziger, 2013). Correspondingly, it has been identified that education systems such as high-schools and colleges have the gateway of democratic concept in modern civilization. Young adults have learned many of the values, skills and abilities through the education in this world. Apart from this, political knowledge and political engagement have been increased through the help of civic education. For example, academic study related to political science and real democratic approach in schools/colleges can be presented among the prime (Danziger, 2013). Similarly, family culture has also influenced the approach of the youth in political socialization. According to the analysis, it has been observed that political conversations of youths’ parents have acted as a vital determinant to grow political socialization amid young individuals. Thus, family can be regarded as a â€Å"distinct socializing agent†. For an example, discussion related to political issues and vote can drive political thoughts. Consequently, mass media including newspaper, magazine, the internet and films also can be named as agents of political socialization. Over the years, along with the changing political scenario, the approaches of mass media have been transformed in a parallel manner (Danziger,

Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical Essay Example for Free

Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical Essay QUESTION. Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical. Discuss how The Banquet Scene has been realised on screen and consider the effectiveness of its portrayal. ANSWER. Shakespeare was born in 1564 when Elizabeth the First was Queen of England. Shakespeare did not go to university when he left school; instead, he worked. He married Anne Hathway when he was eighteen and she became the mother of his daughter, Susanna, and also of twins. Although there are many public documents concerned with his career as a writer and a businessman, Shakespeare has hidden his personal life from us. A nineteenth century poet, Matthew Arnold, addressed Shakespeare in a poem and wrote: We ask and ask Thou smilest, and art still. There is not even a portrait of the worlds greatest Dramatist. I am going to look at the banquet scene, in my opinion, one of the most important scenes in Macbeth; it shows many sides to both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The scene opens with the couple welcoming all the guests to their Banquet, the atmosphere is warm and jolly, and everyone is joking and enjoying themselves. The atmosphere becomes more sombre when one of Banquos murderers arrives with news for Macbeth. Although Banquo is safe, Fleance on the other hand has scapd . Macbeth tries to Act like the innocent flower, but be the serpent undert in front of his guests, but this does not last for long, the guilt gets the better of Macbeth and causes him to hallucinate. The Lords were all very confused, and so, Lady Macbeth tries to cover-up for her husband by telling them all that Macbeth suffers from an illness, which causes him to behave in such a manner. Sit, worthy friends My Lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth. She continues by saying The fit is momentary upon a thought he will be well again. The two productions I am going to look at are Roman Polanskis 1971 Production along with Gregory Doran RSC production. In Gregory Dorans production, Macbeths house resembles a prison. The front foyer is very bare, with lots of different entrances: this is trying to show us that Macbeth is imprisoned in his world of guilt. Macbeth is dressed as a soldier, which gives me the impression he is at war, maybe Doran is trying to put across the fact that Macbeth is trying to fight against all of the evil. Roman Polanski dressed Macbeth in beautiful robes; Macbeth is also wearing his crown. This makes me think Macbeth is in total control of everything. Both producers hold the Banquet in a large, dull, cold room, this symbolises the fact that Macbeth has nowhere to hide; it also creates a tense atmosphere. In Polanskis production, Macbeth sees Banquo and he goes mad! Avaunt! And quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee! He continues to rant and rave at this ghost of Banquo, whom only Macbeth can see. He frightens and startles not only the lords, but also Lady Macbeth. We know this by the look of worry on her face. She then pulls her husband aside to try and help him see sense. He sees what she is trying to say and returns to normality, but this only lasts for a matter of moments, and then Macbeth resumes to his fit of madness again. Macbeth is gradually loosing control. While Macbeth moves back, Banquo continues to advance. As both men keep moving, the camera becomes Banquo. We see high angle shot of Macbeth; it seems as though Banquo is looking down upon Macbeth and that he is now the one in control. Lady Macbeth tries to make excuses for her husbands behaviour by saying Sit worthy friends: My lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth: pray you, keep seat: the fit is momentary: upon a thought he will be well again. We then see a long shot of the lords at the table; they all look very puzzled and confused. By this time, Macbeth is in a corner, on the ground with Banquo towering over him, he moves in closer and closer, then Banquo is cut, and Macbeth is left sitting on the ground, a trembling wreck. Gregory Dorans RSC Production is very similar to Polanskis. He also shows Macbeth being overpowered by Banquo. When Lady Macbeth pulls Macbeth aside to try and snap him out of his fit, he is unable to look her in the eye, he keeps watching the ghost of Banquo. He realises what his wife is trying to say, and so he returns to his normal self again. The way that Macbeth is changing personalities so suddenly in this scene reminds me of a schizophrenic, its almost as though he has some kind of mental disorder. Macbeth tries to laugh it off and composes himself. However, this only lasts for a moment. When Macbeth sees Banquo again, he drops his chalice, and the white wine spills onto the floor. This is an interesting observation because all the other products I watched used red wine, a sign of evil and danger, but white reminds me of innocence. Maybe Gregory Doran feels that Macbeth was innocent and this is why he uses white wine rather than red. He may feel it was the witches, or maybe Lady Macbeths influence that encouraged him to do all those evil things. Personally, I feel it was Lady Macbeth that caused him to go through with Duncans murder, but yet again, how many could be talked into murder without desiring it themselves?

Racism in William Shakespeare’s Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shake

Racism in William Shakespeare’s Othello    In William Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello racism is featured throughout, not only by Iago in his despicable animalistic remarks about Othello’s marriage, but also by other characters. Let us in this essay analyze the racial references and their degrees of implicit racism. Racism persists from the opening scene till the closing scene in this play. In â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello† Valerie Wayne comments on the racism inherent in the final act of the drama: When Othello finally kills himself and says he is killing the ‘turbaned Turk’ who ‘beat a Venetian and traduced the state’ (V, ii, 349-50), he is killing the monster he became through Iago’s mental poison, but he is also killing the only ethnic and racial other of the play. To be more precise, he is killing that self who is the other, the Turk or the Moor, as an act of Venetian patriotism. Just as one woman was praised by Iago for becoming a ‘wight’ through restricting her behavior to the requirements of men, so Othello becomes white – both virtuous and Venetian – through annihilating his alien self. (168) Could any lesser playwright have presented a black man as the hero of a tragedy? Mary Ann Frese Witt in â€Å"Black and White Symbols in Othello† would answer this question negatively: It was then something of a feat for Shakespeare, and a testimony to his genius, to present a black man as the hero of a tragedy. Playing upon his audience’s preconceptions, Shakespeare makes an original, rich use of black and white symbolism throughout the play. It is the black man who is inwardly pure, and it is a seemingly honest white man (and a soldier, a type usually portrayed as genuinely honest) who is inwardly e... ...espeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wayne, Valerie. â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.† The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991. Witt, Mary Ann Frese, et al., eds. â€Å"Black and White Symbols in Othello.† The Humanities: Cultural Roots and Continuities. Vol.1. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1985. Rpt. in Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.   

Tyco’s problem Essay

Tyco’s job was a consequence of top executives and members of the board non supervising what was legal and what wasn’t within their company. CEO’s Kozlowski and CFO Swartz failed to unwrap 1000000s of dollars of low involvement and involvement free loans they received from Tyco. The executives unethical behaviour resulted in stockholders benefits being written off which ended the company traveling into a monolithic debt. The top executives displayed greed for money. 1. What do you believe Kozlowski motive for seeking to avoid gross revenues revenue enhancements on his art purchases was? Kozlowski motive was power and greed for money. Kozlowski knew that he was in a top place of authorization. and most likely believed that no 1 was traveling to oppugn his place or the incorrect things that he was going involved in. There was besides no existent answerability nowadays or trueness to Tyco. Kozlowski realized that if he purchased the graphics with Tyco financess and so falsified the records. so he wouldn’t have to pay the revenue enhancements out of his ain pocket and took a great hazard that no 1 would happen out. He abused Tyco’s assets for his ain pecuniary addition. 2. Explain the construct of commingling assets with regard to the Tyco instance Commingling assets is and is the act of blending the financess belonging to one party with those of another party. particularly when one party has duty to maintain the financess separate for the other party. Tyco used this as a manner to travel around the system for its on personal additions. concealing the true purposes of its executives. Commingling personal with concern assets is overall a hapless concern determination. The executives treated the company’s money as if it were your ain. Besides. the executives used Tyco’s concern assets for their ain personal addition by buying graphics. multiple existent estate belongingss. jewellery. and other dearly-won points for personal usage. By commingling assets. the executives caused attending from revenue enhancement governments and SEC and other condemnable probes due to their delusory behaviours. 3. Would it hold been possible for the board of managers to see the accommodations taking topographic point in the different plans at Tyco? The board members could hold found the unlawful accommodations taking topographic point. but non really likely in this instance. In a sense. the board of managers is every bit much at mistake as the piquing executives because if they played a more proactive function in the concern operations. so the executives may non hold gotten away with every bit much as they did for the long period of clip. If they had taken a more active function. they would hold found deceptive paperss and fraud strategies that were go oning manner Oklahoman than when they were finally discovered. As a consequence of the board non taking an active function. the executive’s actions went on for some clip without any notice. The executives knew what they were making was incorrect and illegal. being involved in revenue enhancement equivocation. hyperbolic net incomes and commingling assets. The executives were besides passing out illegal unauthorised fillips. They besides become involved in paying off functionary to be quiet on the affair. Overall. the incorrect actors of the company knew that their actions were illegal. unethical. and dearly-won to Tyco. but they risked all of these things for their ain personal addition. They believed that no 1 would catch on to their actions. but like all offenses that condemnable commit. it finally catches up with them.

About Jhumpa Lahiri

About Jhumpa Lahiri, Jhumpa Lahiri is an Indian- American author. She was born on 11 July 1967 in London and is daughter of Indian immigrants from Bengal. She grew up in Kingston, Rhode island. She graduated from South Kingstown High school and later achieved multiple degrees in Boston university. In 2001, She married Alberto vourvoulias –Bush, A journalist who was then a deputy editor of â€Å"The Times†. Interpreter of maladies Lahiri’s short stories faced rejection from publishers for years.But, Finally in 1999, Her first short story composition was released. The short stories address sensitive dilemmas in the lives of Indians. Including themes such as miscarriages and martial difficulties. Also, the disconnection between first and second generation United States immigrants. It was highly praised by American critics and sold 600,000 copies. Also, it received the 2000 Pulitzer price for Fiction The namesake â€Å"The Namesake† was Lahiri’s first n ovel and was published in 2003. The story spans over thirty years in the Ganguli family.The Calcutta born parents emigrated as young adults to The United States Of America with their children Gongol and Sonia where they experienced the constant generational and cultural gap. Lahiri made herself as a cameo â€Å"Aunt Jhumpa†. Unaccustomed earth â€Å"Unaccustomed Earth, Her second collection of novels was published on 1 April, 2008. It went to the number 1 spot just few days after it’s release on the New York best-seller list. It was praised a lot by all critics and masses and sold thousands and thousands of copies.Achievements and awards * 1993 – TransAtlantic Award from the Henfield Foundation * 1999 –  O. Henry Award  for short story â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† * 1999 –  PEN/Hemingway Award  (Best Fiction Debut of the Year) for â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† * 1999 – â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† selected as one of  Best American Short Stories * 2000 – Addison Metcalf Award from the  American Academy of Arts and Letters * 2000 – â€Å"The Third and Final Continent† selected as one of  Best American Short Stories 2000 –  The New Yorker's Best Debut of the Year for â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† * 2000 –  Pulitzer Prize for Fiction  for her debut â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† * 2000 –  James Beard Foundation's M. F. K. Fisher Distinguished Writing Award for â€Å"Indian Takeout† in  Food & Wine Magazine * 2002 –  Guggenheim Fellowship * 2002 – â€Å"Nobody's Business† selected as one of  Best American Short Stories * 2008 –  Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award  for â€Å"Unaccustomed Earth† * 2009 –  Asian American Literary Award  for â€Å"Unaccustomed Earth†

Essay on Ruft Draft Mill on the Floss

Essay on Ruft Draft Mill on the Floss Essay on Ruft Draft Mill on the Floss Kyle Davis Authors before the 1900 2/27/2014 Feeder 3 Ruft Draft The Savior: A Hero or a Heroine? In the Victorian Era, persons was not characterized by the equality they share, but by the apparent difference between them. Not only are men and women different physically but then the difference was also apparent through their mental and emotional capabilities. Men possessed the capability for reason, action, aggression, and independence. While women inherited qualities of femininity, such as submission, passivity, and dependence. Women was usually secluded to the home, while Men had many types of freedoms. Families was usually a patriarchal lineage, this means that men were entitled to be known as the head of the family, and the guardian of the family members. The man of the family was the protector and the lord, strong and brave, all qualities of a natural born hero. While on the other hand, women was not seen as being heroines but seen as the damsels in distress. Many of these qualities could be seen in Tom and Maggie, the brother and sister, in George Eliot’s realism nov el The Mill on the Floss. This novel was set in the Victorian Era so many of the gender rules apply, but there is evidence to show a subliminal message of female empowerment and feministic qualities through the bildungsroman of Maggie Tulliver. The idea of being the â€Å"hero† or the â€Å"savior†, usually depicts a young man such as Tom, who works hard to try and restore his families good name, while Maggie is just seen a girl that isn’t capable of the same actions. In the novel, even though Tom portrays to have good actions to better his family and portray himself as the hero, he typically takes on the antagonist’s role, when it comes to his sister Maggie. While gender roles shape the society in which the Tulliver’s live, Eliot uses Maggie to show that females have the same potential to be a heroine within a novel, while Tom even though a man, also have the potential to be an antagonist. When examining the Bildungsroman of Maggie and Tom, we se e a pattern constantly taking place. Maggie always outwit Tom, because in the novel even though she is younger, she exudes more intelligence and knowledge of the world and people around her. Tom is the older brother, but most of the time he might feel inferior to Maggie. The only way he could make sure his dominant is known within their relationship is through their gender role expectations. Maggie says to Tom, â€Å"But I shall be a clever woman [†¦] everybody’ll hate you†, and Tom rebuttals, â€Å"Well, you’ll be a woman someday [...] So you needn’t talk.† (Eliot 46-18) So even though Tom is the older brother, he always has to reassert himself as the dominant figure, not because Maggie says something wrong, but because he doesn’t want her to forget her place in society, or even within the household.. So even though Tom goes to school, and is seen as the Tulliver that will take

How did American jazz influence Brazilian guitar music Essay

How did American jazz influence Brazilian guitar music - Essay Example The earliest effect of jazz on Brazilian music may be traced back to Choro music which is considered the precursor of Brazilian jazz and bossa nova. Choro bands appeared as early as 1870 and by 1920s this music was made popular by prominent national composer Heitor Villa-Lobos. This music resembled New Orleans Jazz known as ragtime (Candelaria and Garcia 93). Livingston-Isenhour et al (104) trace the influence of American jazz on Brazilian guitar music. According to them, in the beginning, it was actually American audience mesmerized by exotic freshness of the Brazilian music sung by Carmen Miranda in 1940-1950. However, they posit that American music influenced Brazilian culture much more, thereafter. American music being sophisticated and cosmopolitan was also considered a threat to Brazilian culture by some. During World War II Roosevelt began a good neighbor policy to keep Brazil on its side. As a result of this policy American creative artists such as filmmakers and musicians al so traveled to Brazil. Though the cultural exchange did flourish American music in Brazil but American Jazz had become popular in Brazil much before the good Neighbor policy of Roosevelt. As early as in 1920s American jazz music was available in Brazilian market. By 1940s American music overtook Brazilian music in record sales and frequency of transmission on radio.

The Experiment on the Coastal Engineering to Analyse the Wave Lab Report

The Experiment on the Coastal Engineering to Analyse the Wave Behaviour and Linear Theory - Lab Report Example The thickness is always twice the diameter of the concrete armor unit for the tetrapod layers Concrete. 20 The experiment on coastal engineering was carried out in the hydraulics laboratory for approximately two hours. This experiment consisted of two parts. Part one was linear wave theory and part two was breakwater design. The venue of the experiment was Sopwith building Waves are created when the wind blows on top of the sea and the bottom layer receives frictional drag from the surface of the sea which exerts frictional drag to the next wind layer above it. This process continues in all the wind layers. The coastal zone is very important to the community around it. For the community to survive, the engineers play a big role in protecting this zone against flooding, erosion, and destruction of property by the ocean waves and tides. The laboratory work is important in that to avoid all these natural disasters. The measurements lead to commendation on how the waves acted on the coast and how they were reflected on the vertical wall. The waves that are reflected on the vertical surface had no horizontal movement and are referred to as standing waves. A rubble mound breakwater was created to make the wave to move over its Smaller waves with period 1.0s, were created to come to the conclusion about how they affect the model structure. This observation ended when the rubble mound breakwater finally failed. The wave height of a surface wave is the difference between the elevations of a crest (the highest point of the wave) and a neighboring trough (the lowest point of the wave) as it is shown at the figure below. (Dr. Alan Dykes, 2011).  

Legal research skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal research skills - Essay Example 8. Which documents must be obtained before conducting a charitable collection and from which bodies a) The promoters of the charitable collection must hold a public collections certificate obtained from the Commission (S 52 (1)), and b) A permit issued by the local authority in whose area it is conducted (S 59 (1)) 9. What types of financial assistance may a Minister give to a charity Financial assistance may be given by way of: (a) grants, (b) loans, (c) guarantees, or (d) incurring expenditure for the benefit of the person assisted. (S 70 (2)) 10. What is the maximum period a person can be a member of the Charity Commission Membership in a Charity Commission is only for a maximum of 3 years. (Schedule 1A, S3(1)) Task 2: Statutory Instruments (SIs) Chosen statutory instrument (SI): Cattle Identification Regulations 2007 (SI 2007/529) 1. When did the regulations come into force The regulation came into effect on the 6th April 2007 (S 1) 2. What is a "holding" under the regulations A "holding" means any establishment, construction or, in the case of an open-air farm, any place in which cattle are held, kept or handled (S 2(1)(c)) 3. When must ear tags be applied to ears of bison The keeper must apply both tags when the calves are separated from their dams or within nine months of the birth, whichever is the sooner. (Schedule 1, 1(3)(c)) 4. A farmer discovers that his cow has lost her ear tag. She was born on 1 February 2007 in Somerset. What must the farmer do and by when He must, within 28 days of the discovery, replace it with another ear tag bearing the same number (which must be a primary tag if the original was primary or a primary or secondary tag if the original tag...(S 18) c) the need for the charity (or the receiving charity in the case of a transfer) to have purposes which are suitable and effective in the light of current social and economic circumstances (S18) He must, within 28 days of the discovery, replace it with another ear tag bearing the same number (which must be a primary tag if the original was primary or a primary or secondary tag if the original tag was secondary) and failure to do is an offence. (Schedule 1, (4)(2)) In the case of a dairy herd, the second ear tag is applied within 20 days from the birth of the calf (Schedule 1, 3 (c)). From the time the Farmer or keeper applies that 2nd tag, he must within 7days register the calf (Schedule 2, 3(1)). The judges in the case were Lord Brown-Wilkinson, Lord Lloyd of Berwick, Lord Hoffman, Lord Hope of Craighead, and Lord Clyde (House of Lords Judgments - Alan Wibberly Building Limited v. Insley / Session 1998-99/ 29 April 1999) Lord Hoffman gave the leading judgment contained in paragraphs 3-24 of the Opinions of the Lords of Appeal, 29 April 1999. The other judges expressed their affirmation to Lord Hoffman's judgment (paragraphs 1, 2, 25 and 31) a.

Harrignton Collection Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Harrignton Collection Case - Essay Example At what price should they introduce the new line? They could introduce the new active wear at the proposed prices or introduce it at a price twenty percent above their proposed price. The criteria they developed in coming up with the price were high margins of profit, market share potential, sales potential, brand perception, and customer satisfaction (Blais1). The first alternative was selling the Vigor active line at the proposed prices (Blais 1). Given that women’s active wear units were expected to, increase by double by the year 2009 and Harrington intended to take advantage by introducing the active wear to stores that carried their vigour line. Majority of the customers who purchased items with price points between one and two hundred dollars, did not believe that cheaper active wear would lead to cheap brand perception. Alternative two involved raising the proposed price by twenty percent (Blais 2). Given it is a moderately expensive clothing brand; customers would be less sensitive to a hike in price compared to those who were shopping on a budget. Therefore, Vigor will be able to maintain the majority of its market share. Harrington’s decided to sell at 20% above proposed price and target trend setters aged between 20 and 25, as well as women seeking comfortable and edgy design. To develop their product, they introduced their new product into an already existing market. Harrington also pursued a product differentiation strategy, which entailed a push-and-pull strategy for promotion. They also used an indirect channel strategy by selling their new wear at all their fifty Vigor store

Human Resources in Sri Lankas IT Sector

Human Resources in Sri Lankas IT Sector CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION For an organization to survive and expand in the rapidly competitive environment dominated by several players, it is paramount for an organization to perform. The organization performance would be measure according to several variables such profitability, sales, production quality and market share, however, few organizations give prominence for the most important factors which is human resources performance. According to HRM commentators retention and development of the organization employees are pivotal for organization performance. The overall purpose of human resource management is to ensure that the organization is able to achieve their success through people. Ulrich and Lake (1990) states that: ‘HRM systems can be the source of organizational capabilities that allow firms to learn and capitalize on new opportunities. But in the other hand HRM has an ethical dimension as well, which means it should also concern the rights and needs of people in an organization. With the increased competition, globalization, boundless technological advances, -companies are forced to think about the factors like HRM, environment†¦etc to run the extra mile ahead of the others. Therefore nowadays employers consider investments on the HRM functions are very significant and effective, rather than seeing it as just a cost. As it shown above, HRM should be incorporated with each and every function with in an organization. Starting from the recruitment process to the training and development, performance appraisal, performance incentives, promotion system , design of work and working environment†¦etc should aligned with effective HRM practices as it will reduce the direct indirect employee grievances which results in a highly motivated and pleased workforce, which in turn influences on the overall organization performances. When considering the structure of the Human resource management, there are two categories; 1. Managerial Functions 2. Operative functions Functions of HRM Managerial Functions Operative Functions Planning Employment Organising Human Resource Directing Development Controlling Compensation Human relations Recent trend in HRM 1. Managerial functions It include Planning, organizing, directing and controlling.  · Planning is the main activity that a manager has to consider. The management has to decide what to do and how to do to achieve the objective of the organization. Management uses this process to plan the future of the company, decide what actions they are going to make to avoid difficult problems etc. (Bateman, Snell, 2007).  · Organizing is established in the internal structure of the organization. It mainly concerns the flow of information within the company, division and coordination. Manager has to know what the subordinates can do and what kind of training they need. To achieve the objectives set in the planning process there should be a proper organization of work. In here the management set the tasks, responsibilities and authorities to the employees. The manager has to discuss the tasks with the employees and has to clarify what to do, how to do and make them understand about the job (Allen, G, 1998). Then it is easy to achieve the objective.  · Directing is the next stage after completing planning and organizing. This is to execution of the plan. It influences the people to achieve the objectives in a correct way through motivation, communication, and leadership. The proper direction of employees will affect the achievement of the objectives. The manager has to have a proper relationship with the employees in the company, and then they can easily direct the employees to achieve the target.  · Controlling involves checking, verifying and comparing of the actual with the plan that the company set. Actions and operations are adjusted to identified plans and standards through control. The training programs, conducting interviews, analyzing labor turnover details are some of the controlling functions that a manager can work out. Controlling allows setting the performance standards within the groups and to do the proper communication. 2. Operative functions These activities are related to specific activities such as, employment, human resources development, compensation, human relations and recent trends in human resource management.  · Employment This means securing and employing the people with the relevant qualifications to achieve the organizational objectives. The functions include in employment are, Job analysis, human resource planning, recruitment, selection, placement and induction.  · Human resource development This is the process of improving skills, knowledge, attitudes, aptitudes, commitment etc. depending on the organizational requirements. The functions include in human resource development are; Performance appraisal, training, management development, career planning and development, promotion, demotion and change and organization development.  · Compensation This is the process of providing sufficient, equal and fair reward to all employees. The functions include in compensation are; Job evaluation, incentives, wage and salary, bonus, fringe benefits, social security and measures.  · Human Relations It is the process of interaction between people. The management can practice different human resource policies to interact with the people. Good relationship will motivate people to do a better job In the organization. The functions in human relations include; Motivating the employees, developing the communication skills, developing leadership skills, providing comfortable work environment to the people, improving quality of work life of employees and boosting employee morale.  · Recent trend in human resource management This area is always developing. It is advancing at a fast rate. The recent trends in human resource management is; Quality of work life, recent techniques of Human resource management and total quality in human resources. In 1989 David Guest describes a human resource model according to what he thought. . This model consists of four elements; Human resource policies and practices Human resource outcomes Organizational outcomes Leadership 1. Human resource policies and practices when an organization is introduced there are many policies available in a company. They are; Organization and job design Management of change Recruitment, selection and socialisation Appraisal, training and development Reward systems Communication According to this model human resource policies are design to achieve the four key human resource outcomes which explains as the second element of this model. 2. Human resource outcomes The model include followings; Commitment Quality Flexibility Strategic integration Quality is not only concern about the quality of manufacturing product or the services provided by the company, it includes the quality of the workforce, the management of the workforce and the human resource policies used in the company. Flexibility is the facility to change the jobs people are doing, working arrangement such as number of hours they are working and the nature of employees contract. Strategic integration is the link between human resource strategy and business strategy. Guest explains that integration requires an organizational culture where managers work or share. The commitments have a direct relationship with valued business consequences. He says that commitment is confused and that the relationship between commitment and the performance is difficult to establish. When an employee commitment is higher means that employee is satisfied about the facilities and the way the company treat to employees. When they are satisfied performance will be automatically higher in the organization. 3. Organizational outcomes The organizational outcomes include following; High job performance High problem solving High innovation Low turnover, absence High cost effectiveness 4. Leadership Leadership is the most important element to make all these outcomes success. With the understanding of importance of the involvement of HRM for the betterment of an organization, this paper is about the effect of HRM development to the IFS business success. 1.1 Aims and objectives of the study During the recent years IT sector began to bloom and many leading IT professionals fortified the future of their companies by investing in Sri Lanka. Within few years it begins to expand and now a days it has become a major business sector which support the economy and which provides enormous career opportunities to the younger generation. Latest s show that, over 175 software developments companies are actively operating in Sri Lanka, which are originated from both national and international grounds and they are providing services for both the export and domestic markets. Some of these companies and their products are already well recognized and performing extremely well in the IT sector by competing with other foreign markets. Among these, companies like,Millennium Information Technologies- who not only turned the Colombo stock exchange in Sri Lanka into the worlds first ever event-driven exchange but with their versatile automated trading system have powered the Boston stock exchange among several other clients in the United States, as well as exchanges in Europe, Asia Pacific and Africa;Virtusa Corporation- one of the fastest growing software services firms in the US with seven years of consecutive growth and the largest technology center based in Sri Lanka and; Informatics- a local company whose telecom product is in operation at the regional sites of some of the worlds leading telecom operators, such as Cable Wireless of UK and Millicom of Luxembourg, are leading the way, marking the name of Sri Lanka in the world. Furthermore international names likeIFSfrom Sweden have set up their research and development center employing over 700 people and recently MicrosoftandOraclehave also opened offices in Sri Lanka. graph1 This is an effort to find out the involvement of human resource to the success of Sri Lankan IT sector and how well they are managed for them to get ready to face the future challenges in ever changing world. Taking the IFS Sri Lanka Ltd as the Reference point, the research will focus on interpreting the influence of Human Resource Management on the companys success. Research as a whole, is a process to find an answer to a specific question. The initial objectives of this study are to formalize the necessary procedures and questions to be answered, in order to gather the intended information, which will be desirable in finding an answer to the core research question. To achieve the above objectives, following are the outline of the information that will try to gather, to be used in developing proper evaluations conclusions. Actions taken to motivate the employees. Established procedures on providing job satisfaction to the employees. The process of developing employee skill and how the company utilize it. How strong is the employee-employer relationship Level of performance of the company and how the employees contribute its success. 1.2 Company Background IFS, is one of the worlds leading providers of component-based business software developed using open standards. Since 1983, IFS has been a provider of business applications focused on meeting the needs of selected industries. Basically, IFS operates in two areas: lifecycle management, where asset and product lifecycle management are critical issues, and mid market ERP (Enterprise resource planning), which covers distribution and manufacturing in midsize companies. Mainly company operates in Europe, the US, the UK, Australia and Asia with the head office situated in Linkoping, Sweden and having the employs about 2,723. Today, IFS is a global software company that helps leading enterprises improve efficiency, cut costs, react swiftly to market conditions, and take advantage of new business opportunities. IFS Applications, IFS suite of more than 60 web-based components, is the only true component-based business solution on the market, allowing deploying the software step by step as companys needs and budget dictate. Using open standards, IFS makes it easier to stay up-to-date with technology and integrate with legacy systems. And only IFS offers total lifecycle management, enabling their customers to maximize profitability over the lifecycles of your products, customers, and assets. IFS superior technology, functionality, and Industry focus have won praise from some of the worlds leading analyst firms. Gartner recognizes IFS as either a visionary or a leader in all four of its ERP and asset management Magic Quadrants. Most important, IFS legendary commitment to customer service has never wavered. Tod ay, IFS has an impressive roster of satisfied customers, ranging from mid-size companies to global industry leaders such as PepsiCo, General Electric, Lockheed Martin, General Dynamics, DuPont, Volvo, BMW, Deere Co., and Rockwell Automation. Since the day, IFS was founded, they have given a greater importance for the customer service. Therefore today, IFS has become the only enterprise software provider that offers a global product for the mid-market together with local support. IFS has support centres in each country in which it operates, ensuring that you will receive the best customer support anywhere in the world. IFS keep track of your unique component configuration; patch levels, and customizations, ensuring that the information is available globally to all IFS support centres. Therefore it has become the huge network of all the information required to solve the customer issues without any unnecessary delays. Within the huge IFS network, office in Sri Lanka has a major importance, as it is one of the two IFS R D centres in world and major part of software development is done there, with having more than 700 employees in two local country offices. The focus group for the study is mainly taken from Sri Lankan offices and depending on the opportunities employees from the other locations were involved in the study. 1.2.1 Financial Highlights Based on the IFS Annual report 2008, it illustrate that the company is having growth in every section. Mid 2008, IFS has announced long-term financial targets entailing that, in the next five years, product revenue will double through organic growth and acquisitions, the operating margin will increase to15 percent, the dividend will rise to 50 percent of earnings after tax and surplus liquidity will be used to repurchase shares. Furthermore, report says that IFS has signed 10 largest license agreements during the year had an aggregate value of SKr 141 million where as the corresponding for 2007 was SKr 103 million. A total of 20 license agreements valued at more than US$ 0.5 million each were signed. And In all, 215 (177 in 2007) new customers were added, and 760 (778 in 2007) customers either upgraded or expanded their existing solutions. Annual Net Revenue Annual Earnings Before Interest Tax (EBIT) Value Net Debt In order to summarize the success I have extracted the above three from the report which explains the key factors of companys growth. Net revenue (: 7) amounted to SKr 2,518 million (2,356 in 2007), an increase of 7 percent, which is the highest revenue the company achieved per year for the last 4 years. EBIT (Earnings before Interest Tax) value turns out to be Skr, million 154, which is a great turn over compared to the value, SKr million -128 in 2004. Furthermore, as the : 9 shows, IFS have succeeded in diminishing their debts. They have being able to reduce the debts from Skr, million 363 to Skr, million 3, which is a sole evidence for the success of the company. Variation of Total Assets Number of employees While concerned of their financial growth, IFS seems dedicated to the expansion of the company. From 2004 to 2008, their asset, as well as number of employees has increased continuously in a similar rate. 1.3 Significance of the research Success and development of any company is depends on the level of human resource involvement. Therefore it is most important to maintain motivated and satisfied workforce to obtain the very best results of its investment. Skill development, employer employee relationship, grade pay structure employee benefits are some of the key factor which directly related with the motivation of the work force. Purpose of study is to find out how well the importances of above factors are absorbed in the Sri Lankan IT sector; within IFS Sri Lanka Ltd. The research will try to extract the information related to the specific factors and analyze them with the every aspect of the companys performances. 1.4 Structure of the Research work With having the text divided in to the several sections, the dissertation starts with an introduction, which provides the basic understanding of HRM and its functions. It concludes with an overview of the whole thesis including the information helpful for the reader to understand the topic and related facts, we are going to discuss about. The next section is the literature review, which explains relevant theories that will help to support the topic and it is followed by the research methodology which explains the research approach, and how the aims and objectives are planned to achieved. Moreover it, clearly explain the methods that used to collect the relevant data and explained the reasons why there are chosen. The result section provides the actual results I have obtained, carrying out the research, and within the analysis section, it exploits the information gathered, and structured a comprehensive analysis. Conclusion and Recommendation sections conclude the research with interp reting the gathered data and results obtained in Analysis section, along with the aims and objectives discussed at the beginning and provide the necessary recommendations based on the live facts and exhibit the virtue of the research. 1.5 Limitations of research The main limitation of this research is getting the access to the employees within the selected company. The results would be much meaningful if the researcher is succeeded in involving many individuals as possible. Therefore it would be a greater challenge to formalize an easy and simple method to acquire the relevant information from the employees, to make sure that they dont feel it as an extra burden. Time can be considered as the other major issue since I have to formalize the whole process with in a very short time period and to make sure it has grasp many individuals as possible. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is one of the most important aspects related to the employee management as it is directly related to the performance of an organization. Because of humans tends to listen to the feelings deep in their thoughts, its not enough to full fill every other things, if the employee is not satisfied with what he/she does. Job satisfaction is not same as the motivation but it linked. Job design is aimed to enhance job satisfaction and performance by using different design methods such as Job rotation, job enlargement, job enrichment etc. Job satisfaction can be viewed as â€Å"a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job experience† (Lock 1976). When someone is satisfied with his/her job that is job satisfaction, or when any job is fulfilled ones expectation that is job satisfaction. Job satisfaction mainly considers the attitudes and feelings that people have about the work. The Guion (1958) defines morale as ‘the extent to which an individuals needs are satisfied and the extent to which the individual perceives that satisfaction as stemming from his total work situation. However there are some features of job satisfaction identified by Paul Spectors (1985) such as, Pay- amount and fairness or equity of salary, Promotion-opportunities and fairness of promotion, Supervision-fairness and competence at managerial tasks by ones supervisor, Benefits- insurance, vacation, and fringe benefits, Contingent procedures-sense of respect, recognition and appreciation. According to While Luthan (1998) there are three important views to job satisfaction; Job satisfaction is an emotional thing related to a job that cannot measure. It is determined by how well outcome is achieved or exceeds expectations It shows some attitudes which can be used to identify how employees think about their job and how they achieve their targets. The factors that affect the job satisfaction of an employee can be divided in to three main areas; Internal factors External factors Individual factors Internal, external and individual factors which affect to the job satisfaction are listed in the table. Internal factors are the factors that linked to work but those are not the only factors affecting job satisfaction. External factors are related to work or to the working environment and individual factors mainly consider a person and the persons family and network of friends. Job satisfaction factors Description Internal Factors  · Job variety Number of skills and depth of knowledge required to do the job  · Autonomy The freedom that the employee get to control their own work  · Goal determination The freedom that the employees get to set their own targets and the criteria to achieve those targets  · Feedback and recognition The private and public comments that they achieve for their performance External Factors  · Achievement The persons success on their job. The trainings, improved equipments, proper education may be the way to increase the achievement and the job satisfaction.  · Role ambiguity and role conflicts Knowing the position of the work place, responsibilities and agreement between roles. Clarifying the tasks in the job, and the position in the organization. When reduce role ambiguity it lead to job satisfaction  · Opportunity The opportunities with the current and the other employers. If employees feel they have fewer opportunities in the current position, then job satisfaction decrease.  · Job security The assurance that employees get to their job  · Social interaction The way they deal with the others. The quality and the quantity of the interaction.  · Supervision Herzberg explain this as a hygiene factor. The quality of management is affect to the job satisfaction. If the quality is lower, worker can become dissatisfied.  · Organizational culture Culture and management style can increase/decrease job satisfaction.  · Work schedules Match between work schedule and the employees schedule. Flexitime may increase the job satisfaction by allowing employee to interface between work life and personal life  · Seniority The time duration that a person has held a position. When people are respect to the seniority, it will increase job satisfaction  · Compensation The rewards and the role of money Individual Factors  · Commitment This is the dedication that a person is doing to his/her job. If the actions of researching, selecting and the way he/she doing the job is visible to friends and others, then the person is satisfied.  · Expectations Every person has some expectation. Basically what people expect in return for work.  · Job involvement How important a job in someones life. More the person involved more satisfaction.  · Effort / reward ratio This is the balance between the amount they worked and rewards received  · Comparisons How a person can rate the job with someone else jobs. If a person has a good job compared to others they are satisfied.  · Age How old someone, the people who old have more work experience, they understand what are the best thing to do, but sometimes they cannot satisfy with their job. Younger people have no previous experience which to compare with the current job. So they are satisfied. Table 1 There are two main theories of job satisfaction, Variance theory and the model of job characteristics. According to Hackman and Oldham (1975) the variance theory explains that if you want X from your work then you are satisfied to the extent that it provides you with X. The second model explains the causes of job satisfaction are objective characteristics. When the employees are satisfied with their work they tend to work more, they are become more committed to the organization, and they are more productive than previous, they try to achieve their targets in a better way. (Bravendam Research Incorporated, 2002). However job satisfaction association with organizational commitment that was not mentioned in most of the studies was noted by Elangovan (2001). A negative association between the job satisfaction, stress and commitment was indicated in his study. According to his study, higher stress leads to lower job satisfaction and this in turn results in lower commitment. Petty et al, ( 1984) explains that there are three possible links between performance and job satisfaction. 1. Satisfaction generates performance 2. Performance generates satisfaction 3. Satisfaction and performance link indirectly 1. Satisfaction generates performance When designing the job it should aim to produce job satisfaction. Then it will optimize worker performance. 2. Performance generates satisfaction When a person perform well that achievement generates job satisfaction. He/ she feel to do more for their job. So the effort should be made to improve performance then it will increase job satisfaction. 3. Satisfaction and performance link indirectly These two are linked but under certain conditions. Apart from the above theories, there are successful studies proving the importance and impact of maintaining a satisfied workforce. The analysis by Vroom (1964) covered 20 studies, in each of which one or measures of job satisfaction or employee attitudes were correlated with one or more criteria of performance. Low salaries, lack of status and social security affect the motivation. When the motivation is low, job satisfaction is low. Lack of job satisfaction is a sign of turnover in an organization. The salaries and benefits which employees can achieve are related to job satisfaction. Motivation â€Å"Management is nothing more than motivating other people†, is one of the most popular proven principle followed within any kind of organization. Motivation is concerned with the strength and direction of behaviour and the factors that influence individuals to behave in certain ways. Individuals are motivated to perform in a specific method based on their perception of the situation. Motivation primarily concerned with what energizes human behaviour, what direct or channels such behaviour, how this behaviour is maintained. Motivation concerns energy, persistence and direction. According to Arnold et al (1991) there are three components of motivation, 1. Direction -what a person is trying to do 2. Effort how hard a person is trying 3. Persistence how long a person keeps on trying According to the diagram felt need creates tension for people. Tensions motivate people to avoid it. The environment will influence to shape people needs and expectations influence the effort. Management can influence employees expectations in a different ways, by offering incentives and setting them specific goals. The persons effort and results can influence the level of performance. The rewards / outcomes are the results achieved. Outcome can come from internal / external environment. Outcomes are always not positive; it can be negative as well. If it is negative, they tend to result in employee dissatisfaction / de motivation. There are number of motivation theories which are complementary to one another. The content models in motivation mainly focus on the needs that individuals are trying to satisfy in a situation. The process models focus on how managers can change the situation in a better way to tie satisfaction to performance. Reinforcement theory is as developed by Hull (1951) suggests that successes, in achieving goals and rewards act as positive incentives and reinforce the successful behaviour, which is repeated the next time a similar need emerges which is coincided with the theory by Taylor (1911), who wrote: â€Å"It is impossible, through any longer period of time, to get workmen to work much harder than the average men around them unless they are assured a large and permanent increase in their pay†. In this theory there are four principal techniques available, 1. Positive reinforcement If someone encourages the people when they done something they are utilising positive reinforcement. 2. Escape/avoidance reinforcement (Negative Reinforcement) This is a form of a reinforcement. It increases the behaviour of a person by taking away something bad. The negative reinforcement is not same as punishment. It is not a form of a punishment. 3. Extinction (repeated non reinforcement) Elimination of behaviour 4. Punishment Most of the people are not expected to take this kind of an experience. The main idea of punishment is to withhold rewards. Motivation is only likely when a clearly perceived and usable relationship exists between performance and outcome, and the outcome is seen as a means of satisfying needs. This theory was developed by Porter and Lawler (1968) in to a model that follows Vrooms ideas by suggesting that there are two factors determining the effort people put in to their jobs. First the value of the rewards to individuals that they satisfy their needs for security, social esteem, autonomy and self actualization, and the second is that rewards depend on effort, as perceived by individuals. According to Latham and Locke (1979) motivation and performance are higher when individuals are set specific goals, when goals are difficult but accepted, and when there is feedback on performance. Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of needs model in 1940s and still it valid today to understand motivation, management training and personal development. This model explains the responsibility of employers to provide the work place environment which is encourages employees to fulfill their requirements. At the same time he explains needs are interrelated with some other needs that are less understood. Those are, Knowledge needs, understanding needs and aesthetic needs. The relationship of Maslows other needs The need for knowledge is defined as the desire to build up facts and s. The need for understanding is an extension of the need for knowledge. This involves search for the relationships between things and what they know and it includes the search for meaning. The aesthetic needs are the beautiful things need to be surrounded. According to Maslow all these need